Angular 入门：你的第一个应用link

Getting Started with Angular: Your First Applink

Angular 欢迎你！

Welcome to Angular!

本教程将通过一个简单的电子商务网站，向你介绍 Angular 的基本知识。该网站具有商品名录、购物车和结账表单。 为了帮助你更好地起步，本指南提供了一个已完成的简单应用，你可以在其中试验及互动。

This tutorial introduces you to the essentials of Angular by walking you through a simple e-commerce site with a catalog, shopping cart, and check-out form. To help you get started right away, this guide uses a simple ready-made application that you can examine and play with interactively.

创建一个新项目link

Create a new projectlink

点此在 StackBlitz 上创建一个新项目。点此在 StackBlitz 上创建一个新项目。link

• 右侧的预览窗格显示了示例 Angular 应用程序的初始状态。它定义了一个带有顶栏的框架（包含商店名称和结账图标）以及一个产品列表的标题（它将用来自应用中的数据填充并动态更新产品列表）

  The preview pane on the right shows the starting state of the sample Angular app. It defines a frame with a top bar (containing the store name and checkout icon) and the title for a product list (which will be populated and dynamically updated with data from the application).

• 左侧的项目窗格显示了组成应用程序的源文件，包括所有基础设施和配置文件。当前选中的文件显示在中间的编辑器窗格中。

  The project pane on the left shows the source files that make up the application, including all of the infrastructure and configuration files. The currently selected file shows up in the editor pane in the middle.

在深入源码结构之前，下一节将介绍如何使用提供的示例数据为产品列表编写 HTML 模板。 这将让你知道动态修改和更新页面有多容易。

Before going into the source structure, the next section shows how to fill out the HTML template for the product list, using the provided sample data. This should give you an idea how easy it is to modify and update the page dynamically.

模板语法link

Template syntaxlink

Angular 的模板语法扩展了 HTML 和 JavaScript。在本节中，你将通过增强 “商品” 区域来了解模板语法。

Angular's template syntax extends HTML and JavaScript. This section introduces template syntax by enhancing the "Products" area.

1. 在 product-list 文件夹中，打开模板文件 product-list.component.html。

   In the product-list folder, open the template file product-list.component.html.

2. 修改商品列表模板，看是否列出了商品名称。

   Modify the product list template to display a list of product names.

   1. 列表中的每个商品都以同样的方式在页面上挨个显示出来。要遍历这些预定义的商品列表，请使用 *ngFor 指令，把 *ngFor 指令加到 <div> 上，如下图所示：

      Each product in the list displays the same way, one after another on the page. To iterate over the predefined list of products, put the *ngFor directive on a <div>, as follows:

      <h2>Products</h2> <div *ngFor="let product of products"> </div>
      src/app/product-list/product-list.component.html

            
              content_copy
            
            <h2>Products</h2>
      
      <div *ngFor="let product of products">
      </div>
          

      有了 *ngFor，这个 <div> 就会被列表中的每个商品都重复渲染一次。

      With *ngFor, the <div> repeats for each product in the list.

      *ngFor 是一个 "结构型指令"。结构型指令会通过添加、删除和操纵它们的宿主元素等方式塑造或重塑 DOM 的结构。任何带有星号 * 的指令都是结构型指令。

      *ngFor is a "structural directive". Structural directives shape or reshape the DOM's structure, typically by adding, removing, and manipulating the elements to which they are attached. Any directive with an asterisk, *, is a structural directive.

   2. 要显示商品的名称，请使用插值语法 {{}}。插值会把属性的值作为文本渲染出来。在 <div> 里面，添加一个 <h3> 标题来显示商品 name 属性的插值：

      To display the names of the products, use the interpolation syntax {{ }}. Interpolation renders a property's value as text. Inside the <div>, add an <h3> to display the interpolation of the product's name property:

      <h2>Products</h2> <div *ngFor="let product of products"> <h3> {{ product.name }} </h3> </div>
      src/app/product-list/product-list.component.html

            
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            <h2>Products</h2>
      
      <div *ngFor="let product of products">
      
        <h3>
            {{ product.name }}
        </h3>
      
      </div>
          

      预览窗格会立即更新，以显示列表中每个商品的名称。

      The preview pane immediately updates to display the name of each product in the list.

      

3. 为了让每个商品名称都能链接到商品详情，添加一个 <a> 元素，并使用属性绑定语法 [] 把该链接的 title 设置成该商品的名字，如下所示：

   To make each product name a link to product details, add the <a> element and set its title to be the product's name by using the property binding [ ] syntax, as follows:

   <h2>Products</h2> <div *ngFor="let product of products"> <h3> <a [title]="product.name + ' details'"> {{ product.name }} </a> </h3> </div>
   src/app/product-list/product-list.component.html

         
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         <h2>Products</h2>
   
   <div *ngFor="let product of products">
   
     <h3>
       <a [title]="product.name + ' details'">
         {{ product.name }}
       </a>
     </h3>
   
   </div>
       

   在预览窗格中，将鼠标悬停在显示的商品名称上，可以看到绑定的 name 属性值。它们都是商品名加上单词 "details" 的格式。插值 {{}} 允许你把属性值渲染为文本；而属性绑定语法 [] 则允许你在模板表达式中使用属性值。

   In the preview pane, hold the pointer over a product name to see the bound name property value, which is the product name plus the word "details". Interpolation {{ }} lets you render the property value as text; property binding [ ] lets you use the property value in a template expression.

   

4. 添加商品说明。在 <p> 标签上，使用 *ngIf 指令，这样 Angular 只会在当前商品有描述信息的情况下创建这个 <p> 元素。

   Add the product descriptions. On the <p> element, use an *ngIf directive so that Angular only creates the <p> element if the current product has a description.

   <h2>Products</h2> <div *ngFor="let product of products"> <h3> <a [title]="product.name + ' details'"> {{ product.name }} </a> </h3> <p *ngIf="product.description"> Description: {{ product.description }} </p> </div>
   src/app/product-list/product-list.component.html

         
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         <h2>Products</h2>
   
   <div *ngFor="let product of products">
   
     <h3>
       <a [title]="product.name + ' details'">
         {{ product.name }}
       </a>
     </h3>
   
     <p *ngIf="product.description">
       Description: {{ product.description }}
     </p>
   
   </div>
       

   该应用会立即在列表中显示每种商品的名称和描述。请注意，最后一个商品根本没有描述信息。由于该商品的 description 属性为空，因此 Angular 不会创建 <p> 元素（包括静态文本 “Description”）。

   The app now displays the name and description of each product in the list. Notice that the final product does not have a description paragraph. Because the product's description property is empty, Angular doesn't create the <p> element—including the word "Description".

   

5. 添加一个按钮，以便让用户可与朋友分享商品。把 button 的 click 事件绑定到我们替你定义好的 share() 方法上（位于 product-list.component.ts ）。事件绑定是通过把事件名称包裹在圆括号 ( ) 中完成的，如下面的 <button> 元素所示：

   Add a button so users can share a product with friends. Bind the button's click event to the share() method (in product-list.component.ts). Event binding uses a set of parentheses, ( ), around the event, as in the following <button> element:

   <h2>Products</h2> <div *ngFor="let product of products"> <h3> <a [title]="product.name + ' details'"> {{ product.name }} </a> </h3> <p *ngIf="product.description"> Description: {{ product.description }} </p> <button (click)="share()"> Share </button> </div>
   src/app/product-list/product-list.component.html

         
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         <h2>Products</h2>
   
   <div *ngFor="let product of products">
   
     <h3>
       <a [title]="product.name + ' details'">
         {{ product.name }}
       </a>
     </h3>
   
     <p *ngIf="product.description">
       Description: {{ product.description }}
     </p>
   
     <button (click)="share()">
       Share
     </button>
   
   </div>
       

   现在，每个商品都有一个 “Share” 按钮了：

   Each product now has a "Share" button:

   

   测试 “Share” 按钮：

   Test the "Share" button:

   

该应用现在具有商品列表和共享功能。在这个过程中，你已经学会了 Angular 模板语法的五个常用特性：

The app now has a product list and sharing feature. In the process, you've learned to use five common features of Angular's template syntax:

• *ngFor

• *ngIf

• 插值 {{}}

  Interpolation {{ }}

• 属性绑定 []

  Property binding [ ]

• 事件绑定 ()

  Event binding ( )

组件link

Componentslink

组件在用户界面（也就是 UI）中定义了一些责任区，让你能重用这些 UI 功能集。你已经通过商品列表组件构建了一个。

Components define areas of responsibility in the user interface, or UI, that let you reuse sets of UI functionality. You've already built one with the product list component.

组件包含三部分：

A component consists of three things:

• 一个组件类，它用来处理数据和功能。上一节，我们在组件类中定义了商品数据和 share() 方法，它们分别用来处理数据和功能。

  A component class that handles data and functionality. In the previous section, the product data and the share() method in the component class handle data and functionality, respectively.

• 一个 HTML 模板，它决定了 UI。在上一节中，商品列表的 HTML 模板用来显示每个商品的名称、描述和 “Share” 按钮。

  An HTML template that determines the UI. In the previous section, the product list's HTML template displays the name, description, and a "Share" button for each product.

• 组件专属的样式定义了外观和感觉。商品列表中还没有定义任何样式，那属于组件 CSS 负责。

  Component-specific styles that define the look and feel. Though product list does not define any styles, this is where component CSS resides.

Angular 应用程序由一棵组件树组成，每个 Angular 组件都有一个明确的用途和责任。

An Angular application comprises a tree of components, in which each Angular component has a specific purpose and responsibility.

目前，该范例有三个组件：

Currently, the example app has three components:

• app-root（橙色框）是应用的外壳。这是要加载的第一个组件，也是所有其它组件的父组件。你可以把它想象成一个基础页面。

  app-root (orange box) is the application shell. This is the first component to load and the parent of all other components. You can think of it as the base page.

• app-top-bar（蓝色背景）是商店名称和结帐按钮。

  app-top-bar (blue background) is the store name and checkout button.

• app-product-list（紫色框）是你在上一节中修改过的商品列表。

  app-product-list (purple box) is the product list that you modified in the previous section.

下一节会扩展应用的功能，添加了一个新组件（产品提醒），并把它添加为商品列表组件的子组件。

The next section expands the app's capabilities by adding a new component—a product alert—as a child of the product list component.

输入link

Inputlink

目前，商品列表会显示每个商品的名称和描述。 该商品列表组件还定义了一个 products 属性，它包含每个商品的导入数据（来自 products.ts 中的 products 数组。）

Currently, the product list displays the name and description of each product. The product list component also defines a products property that contains imported data for each product from the products array in products.ts.

接下来创建一个新的提醒功能。它会接收一个商品作为输入。它会检查商品的价格，如果价格高于 700 美元，它会显示一个“Notify Me”（通知我）按钮，让用户注册一个当商品上市时发送的通知。

The next step is to create a new alert feature that takes a product as an input. The alert checks the product's price, and, if the price is greater than $700, displays a "Notify Me" button that lets users sign up for notifications when the product goes on sale.

1. 创建一个新商品提醒组件。

   Create a new product alerts component.

   1. 右键单击 app 文件夹，使用 Angular Generator 生成一个名为 product-alerts 的新组件。

      Right click on the app folder and use the Angular Generator to generate a new component named product-alerts.

      

      该 generator 为组件的三个部分创建了启动文件：

      The generator creates starter files for all three parts of the component:

      • product-alerts.component.ts

      • product-alerts.component.html

      • product-alerts.component.css

2. 打开 product-alerts.component.ts。

   Open product-alerts.component.ts.

   import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core'; @Component({ selector: 'app-product-alerts', templateUrl: './product-alerts.component.html', styleUrls: ['./product-alerts.component.css'] }) export class ProductAlertsComponent implements OnInit { constructor() { } ngOnInit() { } }
   src/app/product-alerts/product-alerts.component.ts

         
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         import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
   
   @Component({
     selector: 'app-product-alerts',
     templateUrl: './product-alerts.component.html',
     styleUrls: ['./product-alerts.component.css']
   })
   export class ProductAlertsComponent implements OnInit {
     constructor() { }
   
     ngOnInit() {
     }
   
   }
       

   1. 注意 @Component() 装饰器。这表明它下面的类是一个组件。它提供了有关该组件的元数据，包括它的选择器、模板和样式。

      Notice the @Component() decorator. This indicates that the following class is a component. It provides metadata about the component, including its selector, templates, and styles.

      • 该 selector 用于标识该组件。该选择器是当 Angular 组件在页面中渲染出 HTML 元素时使用的名字。按照惯例，Angular 组件选择器会以前缀 app- 开头，后跟组件名称。

        The selector identifies the component. The selector is the name you give the Angular component when it is rendered as an HTML element on the page. By convention, Angular component selectors begin with the prefix app-, followed by the component name.

      • 模板和样式文件名。它们是对 StackBlitz 生成的 HTML 和 CSS 文件的引用。

        The template and style filenames reference the HTML and CSS files that StackBlitz generates.

   2. 组件定义中还导出了类 ProductAlertsComponent，用于处理该组件的功能。

      The component definition also exports the class, ProductAlertsComponent, which handles functionality for the component.

3. 设置新商品提醒组件，让它接收一个商品作为输入：

   Set up the new product alerts component to receive a product as input:

   1. 从 @angular/core 导入 Input。

      Import Input from @angular/core.

      import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core'; import { Input } from '@angular/core';
      src/app/product-alerts/product-alerts.component.ts

            
              content_copy
            
            import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
      import { Input } from '@angular/core';
          

   2. 在 ProductAlertsComponent 类的定义中，定义一个带 @Input() 装饰器的 product 属性。@Input() 装饰器指出其属性值是从该组件的父组件商品列表组件中传入的。

      In the ProductAlertsComponent class definition, define a property named product with an @Input() decorator. The @Input() decorator indicates that the property value passes in from the component's parent, the product list component.

      export class ProductAlertsComponent implements OnInit { @Input() product; constructor() { } ngOnInit() { } }
      src/app/product-alerts/product-alerts.component.ts

            
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            export class ProductAlertsComponent implements OnInit {
        @Input() product;
        constructor() { }
      
        ngOnInit() {
        }
      
      }
          

4. 定义这个新商品提醒组件的视图。

   Define the view for the new product alert component.

   1. 打开 product-alerts.component.html 模板，把作为占位符的 p 替换为如果商品价格超过 700 美元就要显示出来的“通知我”按钮。

      Open the product-alerts.component.html template and replace the placeholder paragraph with a "Notify Me" button that appears if the product price is over $700.

      <p *ngIf="product.price > 700"> <button>Notify Me</button> </p>
      src/app/product-alerts/product-alerts.component.html

            
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            <p *ngIf="product.price > 700">
        <button>Notify Me</button>
      </p>
          

5. 把这个新商品提醒组件显示为该商品列表的一部分（子组件）。

   Display the new product alert component as a child of the product list.

   1. 打开 product-list.component.html。

      Open product-list.component.html.

   2. 要包含这个新组件，只要像使用 HTML 元素一样使用它的选择器（ app-product-alert ）就可以了。

      To include the new component, use its selector, app-product-alerts, as you would an HTML element.

   3. 通过属性绑定把当前商品作为输入传给组件。

      Pass the current product as input to the component using property binding.

      <button (click)="share()"> Share </button> <app-product-alerts [product]="product"> </app-product-alerts>
      src/app/product-list/product-list.component.html

            
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            <button (click)="share()">
        Share
      </button>
      
      <app-product-alerts
        [product]="product">
      </app-product-alerts>
          

新商品提醒组件会从商品列表中获取商品作为输入信息。通过该输入，它会根据商品的价格显示或隐藏 “Notify Me” 按钮。由于 Phone XL 的售价超过了 700 美元，所以该商品上会出现“Notify Me”按钮。

The new product alert component takes a product as input from the product list. With that input, it shows or hides the "Notify Me" button, based on the price of the product. The Phone XL price is over $700, so the "Notify Me" button appears on that product.

输出link

Outputlink

要想让 “Notify Me” 按钮正常工作，你需要配置两处：

To make the "Notify Me" button work, you need to configure two things:

• 当用户点击 “Notify Me” 时，产品提醒组件发出一个事件

  the product alert component to emit an event when the user clicks "Notify Me"

• 商品列表组件对这个事件进行响应

  the product list component to act on that event

1. 打开 product-alerts.component.ts。

   Open product-alerts.component.ts.

2. 从 @angular/core 中导入 Output 和 EventEmitter：

   Import Output and EventEmitter from @angular/core:

   import { Component } from '@angular/core'; import { Input } from '@angular/core'; import { Output, EventEmitter } from '@angular/core';
   src/app/product-alerts/product-alerts.component.ts

         
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         import { Component } from '@angular/core';
   import { Input } from '@angular/core';
   import { Output, EventEmitter } from '@angular/core';
       

3. 在组件类中，用 @Output() 装饰器和一个事件发射器 EventEmitter() 实例定义一个名为 notify 的属性。这可以让商品提醒组件在 notify 属性发生变化时发出事件。

   In the component class, define a property named notify with an @Output() decorator and an instance of EventEmitter(). This allows the product alert component to emit an event when the value of the notify property changes.

      
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      export class ProductAlertsComponent {
  @Input() product;
  @Output() notify = new EventEmitter();
}
    

1. 在商品提醒模板（product-alerts.component.html）中，用事件绑定更新“Notify Me”按钮，以调用 notify.emit() 方法。

   In the product alert template, product-alerts.component.html, update the "Notify Me" button with an event binding to call the notify.emit() method.

   <p *ngIf="product.price > 700"> <button (click)="notify.emit()">Notify Me</button> </p>
   src/app/product-alerts/product-alerts.component.html

         
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         <p *ngIf="product.price > 700">
     <button (click)="notify.emit()">Notify Me</button>
   </p>
       

2. 接下来，定义当用户单击该按钮时应该发生的行为。回想一下，应该由父组件（商品列表组件）采取行动，而不是商品提醒组件。在 product-list.component.ts 文件中，定义一个 onNotify() 方法，类似于 share() 方法：

   Next, define the behavior that should happen when the user clicks the button. Recall that it's the parent, product list component—not the product alerts component—that acts when the child raises the event. In product-list.component.ts, define an onNotify() method, similar to the share() method:

   export class ProductListComponent { products = products; share() { window.alert('The product has been shared!'); } onNotify() { window.alert('You will be notified when the product goes on sale'); } }
   src/app/product-list/product-list.component.ts

         
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         export class ProductListComponent {
     products = products;
   
     share() {
       window.alert('The product has been shared!');
     }
   
     onNotify() {
       window.alert('You will be notified when the product goes on sale');
     }
   }
       

3. 最后，修改商品列表组件以接收商品提醒组件的输出。

   Finally, update the product list component to receive output from the product alerts component.

   在 product-list.component.html 中，把 app-product-alerts 组件（就是它显示的“Notify Me”按钮）的 notify 事件绑定到商品列表组件的 onNotify() 方法。

   In product-list.component.html, bind the app-product-alerts component (which is what displays the "Notify Me" button) to the onNotify() method of the product list component.

   <button (click)="share()"> Share </button> <app-product-alerts [product]="product" (notify)="onNotify()"> </app-product-alerts>
   src/app/product-list/product-list.component.html

         
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         <button (click)="share()">
     Share
   </button>
   
   <app-product-alerts
     [product]="product" 
     (notify)="onNotify()">
   </app-product-alerts>
       

4. 试试“Notify Me”按钮：

   Try the "Notify Me" button:

   

下一步link

Next stepslink

恭喜！你已经完成了第一个 Angular 应用！

Congratulations! You've completed your first Angular app!

你有了一个基本的在线商店目录，它带有商品列表，“Share”按钮和“Notify Me”按钮。你已经了解了 Angular 的基础知识：组件和模板语法。你还学习了组件类和模板如何交互，以及组件如何相互通信。

You have a basic online store catalog with a product list, "Share" button, and "Notify Me" button. You've learned about the foundation of Angular: components and template syntax. You've also learned how the component class and template interact, and how components communicate with each other.

要继续探索 Angular，请选择以下选项之一：

To continue exploring Angular, choose either of the following options:

• 继续浏览“路由”部分，创建一个商品详情页面，通过单击商品名称，可以访问该页面，该页面有自己的 URL 模式。

  Continue to the "Routing" section to create a product details page that can be accessed by clicking a product name and that has its own URL pattern.

• 跳到“部署”部分，把你的应用转移到本地开发、部署到 Firebase 或你自己的服务器。

  Skip ahead to the "Deployment" section to move to local development, or deploy your app to Firebase or your own server.