部署link

Deploymentlink

当你准备把 Angular 应用部署到远程服务器上时，有很多可选的部署方式。

When you are ready to deploy your Angular application to a remote server, you have various options for deployment.

最简单的部署选项link

Simple deployment optionslink

在完整部署应用之前，你可以先临时用一种技术来测试流程、构建配置和部署行为。

Before fully deploying your application, you can test the process, build configuration, and deployed behavior by using one of these interim techniques.

从磁盘构建和提供服务link

Building and serving from disklink

在开发过程中，你通常会使用 ng serve 命令来借助 webpack-dev-server 在本地内存中构建、监控和提供服务。但是，当你打算部署它时，就必须使用 ng build 命令来构建应用并在其它地方部署这些构建成果。

During development, you typically use the ng serve command to build, watch, and serve the application from local memory, using webpack-dev-server. When you are ready to deploy, however, you must use the ng build command to build the app and deploy the build artifacts elsewhere.

ng build 和 ng serve 在构建项目之前都会清除输出文件夹，但只有 ng build 命令会把生成的构建成果写入输出输出文件夹中。

Both ng build and ng serve clear the output folder before they build the project, but only the ng build command writes the generated build artifacts to the output folder.

当开发临近收尾时，让本地 Web 服务器使用输出文件夹中的内容提供服务可以让你更好地了解当应用部署到远程服务器时的行为。你需要用两个终端才能体验到实时刷新的特性。

As you near the end of the development process, serving the contents of your output folder from a local web server can give you a better idea of how your application will behave when it is deployed to a remote server. You will need two terminals to get the live-reload experience.

• 在第一个终端上，在监控（watch）模式下执行 ng build 命令把该应用编译进 dist 文件夹。

  On the first terminal, run the ng build command in watch mode to compile the application to the dist folder.

  ng build --watch

        
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        ng build --watch
      

  与 ng serve 命令一样，当源文件发生变化时，就会重新生成输出文件。

  Like the ng serve command, this regenerates output files when source files change.

• 在第二个终端上，安装一个 Web 服务器（比如 lite-server ），然后使用输出文件夹中的内容运行它。例如：

  On the second terminal, install a web server (such as lite-server), and run it against the output folder. For example:

  lite-server --baseDir="dist/project-name"

        
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        lite-server --baseDir="dist/project-name"
      

  每当输出了新文件时，服务器就会自动刷新你的浏览器。

  The server will automatically reload your browser when new files are output.

使用 CLI 进行自动部署link

Automatic deployment with the CLIlink

Angular CLI 命令 ng deploy（在版本 8.3.0 中引入）执行与您的项目关联的 deploy CLI 构建器。有许多第三方构建器实现了到不同平台的部署功能。您可以通过运行 ng add [package name] 把它们中的任何一个添加到项目中。

The Angular CLI command ng deploy (introduced in version 8.3.0) executes the deploy CLI builder associated with your project. A number of third-party builders implement deployment capabilities to different platforms. You can add any of them to your project by running ng add [package name].

添加具有部署功能的程序包时，它将为所选项目自动更新自动更新工作区配置（angular.json 文件）中的 deploy 部分。然后，您就可以使用 ng deploy 命令来部署该项目了。

When you add a package with deployment capability, it'll automatically update your workspace configuration (angular.json file) with a deploy section for the selected project. You can then use the ng deploy command to deploy that project.

例如，以下命令将项目自动部署到 Firebase。

For example, the following command automatically deploys a project to Firebase.

      
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      ng add @angular/fire
ng deploy
    

该命令是交互式的。在这种情况下，您必须拥有或创建 Firebase 帐户，并使用该帐户进行身份验证。该命令提示您选择要部署的 Firebase 项目。

The command is interactive. In this case, you must have or create a Firebase account, and authenticate using that account. The command prompts you to select a Firebase project for deployment

该命令会为您的应用程序生成最佳构建（等效于 ng deploy --prod）后，将生产环境下的资产文件上传到 Firebase。

After the command produces an optimal build of your application (equivalent to ng deploy --prod), it'll upload the production assets to Firebase.

在下表中，您可以找到实现了到不同平台部署功能的软件包列表。每个软件包的 deploy 命令可能需要不同的命令行选项。您可以通过以下与包名称相关的链接来阅读更多内容：

In the table below, you can find a list of packages which implement deployment functionality to different platforms. The deploy command for each package may require different command line options. You can read more by following the links associated with the package names below:

如果要部署到自己管理的服务器上，或者缺少针对你喜欢的云平台的构建器，则可以创建支持您使用 ng deploy 命令的构建器，或者通读本指南以了解如何手动部署应用程序。

If you're deploying to a self-managed server or there's no builder for your favorite cloud platform, you can either create a builder that allows you to use the ng deploy command, or read through this guide to learn how to manually deploy your app.

最简化的部署方式link

Basic deployment to a remote serverlink

最简化的部署方式就是为开发环境构建，并把其输出复制到 Web 服务器上。

For the simplest deployment, create a production build and copy the output directory to a web server.

1. 使用开发环境进行构建

   Start with the production build:

   ng build --prod

         
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         ng build --prod
       

2. 把输出目录（默认为 dist/）下的每个文件都复制到到服务器上的某个目录下。

   Copy everything within the output folder (dist/ by default) to a folder on the server.

3. 配置服务器，让缺失的文件都重定向到 index.html 上。 欲知详情，参见稍后的服务端重定向部分。

   Configure the server to redirect requests for missing files to index.html. Learn more about server-side redirects below.

这是对应用进行生产环境部署的最简方式。

This is the simplest production-ready deployment of your application.

发布到 GitHub pages（页面服务）link

Deploy to GitHub pageslink

另一种发布 Angular 应用的简单途径是使用 GitHub Pages。

Another simple way to deploy your Angular app is to use GitHub Pages.

1. 你需要创建一个 GitHub 账号（如果没有的话），然后为你的项目创建一个仓库。记下 GitHub 中的用户名和项目名。

   You need to create a GitHub account if you don't have one, and then create a repository for your project. Make a note of the user name and project name in GitHub.

2. 使用 Angular CLI 命令 ng build来构建这个 GitHub 项目，选项如下：

   Build your project using Github project name, with the Angular CLI command ng buildand the options shown here:

   ng build --prod --output-path docs --base-href /<project_name>/

         
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         ng build --prod --output-path docs --base-href /<project_name>/
       

3. 当构建完成时，把 docs/index.html 复制为 docs/404.html。

   When the build is complete, make a copy of docs/index.html and name it docs/404.html.

4. 提交你的更改，并推送。

   Commit your changes and push.

5. 在 GitHub 的项目页中，把该项目配置为从 docs 目录下发布。

   On the GitHub project page, configure it to publish from the docs folder.

你可以到 https://<user_name>.github.io/<project_name>/ 中查看部署好的页面。

You can see your deployed page at https://<user_name>.github.io/<project_name>/.

服务端配置link

Server configurationlink

这一节涵盖了你可能对服务器或准备部署到服务器的文件要做的那些修改。

This section covers changes you may have to make to the server or to files deployed on the server.

带路由的应用必须以 index.html 作为后备页面link

Routed apps must fallback to index.htmllink

Angular 应用很适合用简单的静态 HTML 服务器提供服务。 你不需要服务端引擎来动态合成应用页面，因为 Angular 会在客户端完成这件事。

Angular apps are perfect candidates for serving with a simple static HTML server. You don't need a server-side engine to dynamically compose application pages because Angular does that on the client-side.

如果该应用使用 Angular 路由器，你就必须配置服务器，让它对不存在的文件返回应用的宿主页(index.html)。

If the app uses the Angular router, you must configure the server to return the application's host page (index.html) when asked for a file that it does not have.

带路由的应用应该支持“深链接”。 所谓深链接就是指一个 URL，它用于指定到应用内某个组件的路径。 比如，http://www.mysite.com/heroes/42 就是一个到英雄详情页面的深链接，用于显示 id: 42 的英雄。

A routed application should support "deep links". A deep link is a URL that specifies a path to a component inside the app. For example, http://www.mysite.com/heroes/42 is a deep link to the hero detail page that displays the hero with id: 42.

当用户从运行中的客户端应用导航到这个 URL 时，这没问题。 Angular 路由器会拦截这个 URL，并且把它路由到正确的页面。

There is no issue when the user navigates to that URL from within a running client. The Angular router interprets the URL and routes to that page and hero.

但是，当从邮件中点击链接或在浏览器地址栏中输入它或仅仅在英雄详情页刷新下浏览器时，所有这些操作都是由浏览器本身处理的，在应用的控制范围之外。 浏览器会直接向服务器请求那个 URL，路由器没机会插手。

But clicking a link in an email, entering it in the browser address bar, or merely refreshing the browser while on the hero detail page — all of these actions are handled by the browser itself, outside the running application. The browser makes a direct request to the server for that URL, bypassing the router.

静态服务器会在收到对 http://www.mysite.com/ 的请求时返回 index.html，但是会拒绝对 http://www.mysite.com/heroes/42 的请求， 并返回一个 404 - Not Found 错误，除非，它被配置成了返回 index.html。

A static server routinely returns index.html when it receives a request for http://www.mysite.com/. But it rejects http://www.mysite.com/heroes/42 and returns a 404 - Not Found error unless it is configured to return index.html instead.

后备页面配置范例link

Fallback configuration exampleslink

没有一种配置可以适用于所有服务器。 后面这些部分会描述对常见服务器的配置方式。 这个列表虽然不够详尽，但可以为你提供一个良好的起点。

There is no single configuration that works for every server. The following sections describe configurations for some of the most popular servers. The list is by no means exhaustive, but should provide you with a good starting point.

• Apache：在 .htaccess 文件中添加一个重写规则， 代码如下（出处）：

  Apache: add a rewrite rule to the .htaccess file as shown (https://ngmilk.rocks/2015/03/09/angularjs-html5-mode-or-pretty-urls-on-apache-using-htaccess/):

  RewriteEngine On # If an existing asset or directory is requested go to it as it is RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}%{REQUEST_URI} -f [OR] RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}%{REQUEST_URI} -d RewriteRule ^ - [L]
  # If the requested resource doesn't exist, use index.html RewriteRule ^ /index.html

        
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        RewriteEngine On
  # If an existing asset or directory is requested go to it as it is
  RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}%{REQUEST_URI} -f [OR]
  RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}%{REQUEST_URI} -d
  RewriteRule ^ - [L]
  
  # If the requested resource doesn't exist, use index.html
  RewriteRule ^ /index.html
      

• NGinx：使用 try_files 指向 index.html，详细描述见Web 应用的前端控制器模式。

  Nginx: use try_files, as described in Front Controller Pattern Web Apps, modified to serve index.html:

  try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;

        
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        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
      

• Ruby：使用 sinatra 和用来配置服务器的基础 Ruby 文件 server.rb 创建一个 Ruby 服务器：

  Ruby: create a Ruby server using (sinatra) with a basic Ruby file that configures the server server.rb:

  require 'sinatra' # Folder structure # . # -- server.rb # -- public # |-- dist # |-- index.html get '/' do folderDir = settings.public_folder + '/dist' # ng build output folder send_file File.join(folderDir, 'index.html') end

        
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        require 'sinatra'
  
  # Folder structure
  
  # .
  
  # -- server.rb
  
  # -- public
  
  #    |-- dist
  
  #        |-- index.html
  
  get '/' do
      folderDir = settings.public_folder + '/dist'  # ng build output folder
      send_file File.join(folderDir, 'index.html')
  end
      

• IIS：往 web.config 中添加一条重写规则，类似于这里：

  IIS: add a rewrite rule to web.config, similar to the one shown here:

  <system.webServer> <rewrite> <rules> <rule name="Angular Routes" stopProcessing="true"> <match url=".*" /> <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll"> <add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsFile" negate="true" /> <add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsDirectory" negate="true" /> </conditions> <action type="Rewrite" url="/index.html" /> </rule> </rules> </rewrite> </system.webServer>

        
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        <system.webServer>
    <rewrite>
      <rules>
        <rule name="Angular Routes" stopProcessing="true">
          <match url=".*" />
          <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll">
            <add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsFile" negate="true" />
            <add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsDirectory" negate="true" />
          </conditions>
          <action type="Rewrite" url="/index.html" />
        </rule>
      </rules>
    </rewrite>
  </system.webServer>
      

• GitHub 页面服务：你没办法直接配置 Github 的页面服务，但可以添加一个 404 页，只要把 index.html 复制到 404.html 就可以了。 它仍然会给出一个 404 响应，但是浏览器将会正确处理该页，并正常加载该应用。 使用在主分支的 docs/ 下启动服务 并创建一个 .nojekyll 文件也是一个好办法。

  GitHub Pages: you can't directly configure the GitHub Pages server, but you can add a 404 page. Copy index.html into 404.html. It will still be served as the 404 response, but the browser will process that page and load the app properly. It's also a good idea to serve from docs/ on master and to create a .nojekyll file

• Firebase 主机服务：添加一条重写规则。

  Firebase hosting: add a rewrite rule.

  "rewrites": [ { "source": "**", "destination": "/index.html" } ]

        
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        "rewrites": [ {
    "source": "**",
    "destination": "/index.html"
  } ]
      

请求来自另一个服务器的服务（CORS）link

Requesting services from a different server (CORS)link

Angular 开发者在向与该应用的宿主服务器不同域的服务器发起请求时，可能会遇到一种跨域资源共享（CORS）错误。 浏览器会阻止该请求，除非得到那台服务器的明确许可。

Angular developers may encounter a cross-origin resource sharing error when making a service request (typically a data service request) to a server other than the application's own host server. Browsers forbid such requests unless the server permits them explicitly.

客户端应用对这种错误无能为力。 服务器必须配置成可以接受来自该应用的请求。 要了解如何对特定的服务器开启 CORS，参见enable-cors.org。

There isn't anything the client application can do about these errors. The server must be configured to accept the application's requests. Read about how to enable CORS for specific servers at enable-cors.org.

为生产环境优化link

Production optimizationslink

--prod 标志具有如下优化特性。

The --prod meta-flag engages the following build optimization features.

• 预先(AOT)编译：预编译 Angular 的组件模板。

  Ahead-of-Time (AOT) Compilation: pre-compiles Angular component templates.

• 生产模式：部署到启用了生产模式的生产环境。

  Production mode: deploys the production environment which enables production mode.

• 打包：把你的多个应用于库文件拼接到少量包（bundle）中。

  Bundling: concatenates your many application and library files into a few bundles.

• 最小化：删除多余的空格、注释和可选令牌。

  Minification: removes excess whitespace, comments, and optional tokens.

• 混淆/丑化：重写代码，使用简短的、不容易理解的变量名和函数名。

  Uglification: rewrites code to use short, cryptic variable and function names.

• 消除死代码：删除未引用过的模块和很多未用到的代码。

  Dead code elimination: removes unreferenced modules and much unused code.

要了解关于 CLI 构建选项及其作用的更多知识，参见 ng build。

See ng buildfor more about CLI build options and what they do.

启用生产模式link

Enable runtime production modelink

除了构建期优化之外，Angular 还支持运行期生产模式。Angular 应用默认运行在开发模式下，你可以在浏览器的控制台中看到如下信息：

In addition to build optimizations, Angular also has a runtime production mode. Angular apps run in development mode by default, as you can see by the following message on the browser console:

      
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      Angular is running in the development mode. Call enableProdMode() to enable the production mode.
    

切换到生产模式可以通过禁用开发阶段特有的检查（比如双重变更检测周期）来让它运行得更快。

Switching to production mode makes it run faster by disabling development specific checks such as the dual change detection cycles.

如果在构建时添加了 --prod 标识，也会同时启用运行期生产模式。

When you enable production builds via --prod command line flag, the runtime production mode is enabled as well.

惰性加载link

Lazy loadinglink

通过只加载应用启动时绝对必须的那些模块，你可以极大缩短应用启动的时间。

You can dramatically reduce launch time by only loading the application modules that absolutely must be present when the app starts.

可以配置 Angular 的路由器，来推迟所有其它模块（及其相关代码）的加载时机，方法有一直等到应用启动完毕，或者当用到时才按需惰性加载。

Configure the Angular Router to defer loading of all other modules (and their associated code), either by waiting until the app has launched or by lazy loading them on demand.

测量性能link

Measure performancelink

如果你对哪些东西拖慢了应用有更加清晰、精确的了解，就可以更好地决定优化什么以及如何优化。 慢的原因可能和你所想的不一样。 你可能花费了大量的时间和金钱来优化一些实际上无关紧要的东西，甚至可能让应用变得更慢。 你应该测量应用在运行环境中的实际行为，这才是最重要的。

You can make better decisions about what to optimize and how when you have a clear and accurate understanding of what's making the application slow. The cause may not be what you think it is. You can waste a lot of time and money optimizing something that has no tangible benefit or even makes the app slower. You should measure the app's actual behavior when running in the environments that are important to you.

Chrome DevTools 的网络和性能页是你开始学习如何测量性能的好地方。

The Chrome DevTools Network Performance page is a good place to start learning about measuring performance.

WebPageTest工具是另一个不错的选择，它还能帮你验证这次部署是否成功。

The WebPageTest tool is another good choice that can also help verify that your deployment was successful.

检查发布包link

Inspect the bundleslink

source-map-explorer 工具可以帮你在生产环境构建之后探查 JavaScript 包。

The source-map-explorer tool is a great way to inspect the generated JavaScript bundles after a production build.

安装 source-map-explorer：

Install source-map-explorer:

      
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      npm install source-map-explorer --save-dev
    

为生产环境构建应用，包括源码映射表（source map）

Build your app for production including the source maps

      
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      ng build --prod --source-map
    

在 dist/ 目录下列出生成的包。

List the generated bundles in the dist/ folder.

      
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      ls dist/*.bundle.js
    

运行浏览器来生成其中一个包的图形化表示。 下面的例子展示了 main 包的图表。

Run the explorer to generate a graphical representation of one of the bundles. The following example displays the graph for the main bundle.

      
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      node_modules/.bin/source-map-explorer dist/main.*.bundle.js
    

source-map-explorer 会分析与包一起生成的 source map，并画出所有依赖的地图，精确展示哪些类包含在哪个包中。

The source-map-explorer analyzes the source map generated with the bundle and draws a map of all dependencies, showing exactly which classes are included in the bundle.

下面是范例应用 cli-quickstart 中 main 包的输出。

Here's the output for the main bundle of an example app called cli-quickstart.

base 标签link

The base taglink

HTML 的 <base href="..."/> 标签指定了用于解析静态文件（如图片、脚本和样式表）相对地址的基地址。 比如，对于 <base href="/my/app/">，浏览器就会把 some/place/foo.jpg 这样的 URL 解析成到 my/app/some/place/foo.jpg 的请求。 在导航期间，Angular 路由器使用 base href 作为到组件模板文件和模块文件的基地址。

The HTML <base href="..."/> specifies a base path for resolving relative URLs to assets such as images, scripts, and style sheets. For example, given the <base href="/my/app/">, the browser resolves a URL such as some/place/foo.jpg into a server request for my/app/some/place/foo.jpg. During navigation, the Angular router uses the base href as the base path to component, template, and module files.

在开发期间，你通常会在存有 index.html 的目录下启动开发服务器。 那就是根目录，你要在 index.html 的顶部附近添加 <base href="/">，因为 / 就是该应用的根路径。

In development, you typically start the server in the folder that holds index.html. That's the root folder and you'd add <base href="/"> near the top of index.html because / is the root of the app.

但是在共享或生产服务器上，你可能会在子目录下启动服务器。 比如，当前应用的加载地址可能类似于 http://www.mysite.com/my/app/，这里的子目录就是 my/app/。所以你就要往服务端版本的 index.html 中添加 <base href="/my/app/">。

But on the shared or production server, you might serve the app from a subfolder. For example, when the URL to load the app is something like http://www.mysite.com/my/app/, the subfolder is my/app/ and you should add <base href="/my/app/"> to the server version of the index.html.

这里如果不配置 base 标签，应用就会失败，并在浏览器的控制台中为缺失的文件显示一个 404 - Not Found 错误。看看它试图从哪里去查找那些文件，并据此调整 base 标签。

When the base tag is mis-configured, the app fails to load and the browser console displays 404 - Not Found errors for the missing files. Look at where it tried to find those files and adjust the base tag appropriately.

差异化加载link

Differential Loadinglink

在构建 Web 应用时，你肯定想确保你的应用与大多数浏览器兼容。JavaScript 在不断发展，新功能不断推出，不是所有浏览器都能以同样的进度实现这些新功能。

When building web applications, you want to make sure your application is compatible with the majority of browsers. Even as JavaScript continues to evolve, with new features being introduced, not all browsers are updated with support for these new features at the same pace.

你在开发过程中使用 TypeScript 编写的代码会被编译并打包成 ES2015，这种 JavaScript 语法兼容大多数浏览器。 所有现代浏览器都支持 ES2015 和更新的版本，但是大多数情况下，你仍然要让用户能从不支持它的浏览器中访问你的应用。 当以老式浏览器为目标时，腻子脚本（polyfills）可以提供一些老式浏览器中不存在的功能，从而抹平这种差距。

The code you write in development using TypeScript is compiled and bundled into ES2015, the JavaScript syntax that is compatible with most browsers. All modern browsers support ES2015 and beyond, but in most cases, you still have to account for users accessing your application from a browser that doesn't. When targeting older browsers, polyfills can bridge the gap by providing functionality that doesn't exist in the older versions of JavaScript supported by those browsers.

为了最大限度地提高兼容性，你可以发布一个包含所有已编译代码的发布包（bundle），以及所有可能会用到的腻子脚本。用户如果在支持大量最新 JavaScript 特性的现代浏览器中使用此应用，就不应该为这些他们用不到的包带来的额外体积付出代价。差异化加载就是解决这个问题的。Angular CLI 8 及更高版本默认就支持它。

To maximize compatibility, you could ship a single bundle that includes all your compiled code, plus any polyfills that may be needed. Users with modern browsers, however, shouldn't have to pay the price of increased bundle size that comes with polyfills they don't need. Differential loading, which is supported by default in Angular CLI version 8 and higher, solves this problem.

差异化加载是一种策略，它能让你的应用支持多种浏览器，但是只加载当前浏览器必须用到的代码。 当（默认）启用了差异化加载时，CLI 会构建出两个单独的包，作为你要发布的应用的一部分。

Differential loading is a strategy that allows your web application to support multiple browsers, but only load the necessary code that the browser needs. When differential loading is enabled (which is the default) the CLI builds two separate bundles as part of your deployed application.

• 第一个包是使用现代的 ES2015 语法，它能发挥现代浏览器内置支持的优势，发布更少的腻子脚本，因此打包尺寸更小。

  The first bundle contains modern ES2015 syntax, takes advantage of built-in support in modern browsers, ships fewer polyfills, and results in a smaller bundle size.

• 第二个包使用老式的 ES5 语法，包含所有必要的腻子脚本。其打包尺寸更大，但是支持老式浏览器。

  The second bundle contains code in the old ES5 syntax, along with all necessary polyfills. This results in a larger bundle size, but supports older browsers.

差异化构建link

Differential buildslink

使用 Angular CLI 构建过程进行部署时，可以选择如何以及何时支持差异化加载。 ng build CLI 命令会查询浏览器配置和配置的构建目标，以确定是否需要支持旧版浏览器，以及该构建是否应产生用于差异化加载的必要捆绑包。

When you deploy using the Angular CLI build process, you can choose how and when to support differential loading. The ng build CLI command queries the browser configuration and the configured build target to determine if support for legacy browsers is required, and whether the build should produce the necessary bundles used for differential loading.

会根据下列配置确定您的要求。

The following configurations determine your requirements.

• 浏览器列表

  Browsers list

  browserslist 配置文件包含在应用的项目结构中，它提供了本应用打算支持的最低浏览器版本。有关完整的配置选项，请参阅 Browserslist 规范 。

  The browserslist configuration file is included in your application project structure and provides the minimum browsers your application supports. See the Browserslist spec for complete configuration options.

• TypeScript 配置

  TypeScript configuration

  在 TypeScript 的配置文件 tsconfig.json 中，compilerOptions 区的 target 选项会决定编译后代码的 ECMAScript 目标版本。现代浏览器原生支持 ES2015，而 ES5 则更常用于支持老式浏览器。

  In the TypeScript configuration file, tsconfig.json, the "target" option in the compilerOptions section determines the ECMAScript target version that the code is compiled to. Modern browsers support ES2015 natively, while ES5 is more commonly used to support legacy browsers.

对于开发版本，由 ng build 生成的输出更简单且易于调试，从而减小您对编译代码的 sourcemaps 的依赖。

For a development build, the output produced by ng build is simpler and easier to debug, allowing you to rely less on sourcemaps of compiled code.

对于生产版本，您的配置将决定创建哪些捆绑软件来部署您的应用程序。必要时，还会在构建过程中修改 index.html 文件，以包括启用差异化加载的脚本标签，如以下示例所示。

For a production build, your configuration determines which bundles are created for deployment of your application. When needed, the index.html file is also modified during the build process to include script tags that enable differential loading, as shown in the following example.

      
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      <body>
  <app-root></app-root>
  <script src="runtime-es2015.js" type="module"></script>
  <script src="runtime-es5.js" nomodule></script>
  <script src="polyfills-es2015.js" type="module"></script>
  <script src="polyfills-es5.js" nomodule></script>
  <script src="styles-es2015.js" type="module"></script>
  <script src="styles-es5.js" nomodule></script>
  <script src="vendor-es2015.js" type="module"></script>
  <script src="vendor-es5.js" nomodule></script>
  <script src="main-es2015.js" type="module"></script>
  <script src="main-es5.js" nomodule></script>
</body>
    

每个 script 标签都有一个 type="module" 或 nomodule 属性。原生支持 ES 模块的浏览器只会加载带有该类型属性的脚本，而忽略那些带有 nomodule 属性的脚本。而老式浏览器只会加载带有nomodule属性的脚本，而忽略那些 type 为 module 的脚本标签。

Each script tag has a type="module" or nomodule attribute. Browsers with native support for ES modules only load the scripts with the module type attribute and ignore scripts with the nomodule attribute. Legacy browsers only load the scripts with the nomodule attribute, and ignore the script tags with the module type that load ES modules.

配置差异化加载link

Configuring differential loadinglink

Angular CLI 第 8 版及更高版本已默认支持构建差异化加载的发布包。工作空间中的每个应用项目，都可以根据其中的 browserslist 和 tsconfig.json 配置文件来决定发布包的构建方式。

Differential loading is supported by default with version 8 and later of the Angular CLI. For each application project in your workspace, you can configure how builds are produced based on the browserslist and tsconfig.json configuration files in your application project.

对于新创建的 Angular 应用程序，将忽略 IE 9-11 等旧版浏览器，并且编译目标为 ES2015。

For a newly created Angular application, legacy browsers such as IE 9-11 are ignored, and the compilation target is ES2015.

      
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      > 0.5%
last 2 versions
Firefox ESR
not dead
not IE 9-11 # For IE 9-11 support, remove 'not'.
    

      
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      {
  "compileOnSave": false,
  "compilerOptions": {
    "baseUrl": "./",
    "outDir": "./dist/out-tsc",
    "sourceMap": true,
    "declaration": false,
    "module": "esnext",
    "moduleResolution": "node",
    "emitDecoratorMetadata": true,
    "experimentalDecorators": true,
    "importHelpers": true,
    "target": "es2015",
    "typeRoots": [
      "node_modules/@types"
    ],
    "lib": [
      "es2018",
      "dom"
    ]
  }
}
    

默认配置将创建两个版本，并启用差异化加载。

The default configuration creates two builds, with differential loading enabled.

browserslist 配置允许您忽略不支持 ES2015 的浏览器。在这种情况下，将只生成一个版本。

The browserslist configuration allows you to ignore browsers without ES2015 support. In this case, a single build is produced.

如果您的 browserslist 配置包括对所有旧版浏览器的支持，则 TypeScript 配置中的构建目标将确定该构建是否将支持差异化加载。

If your browserslist configuration includes support for any legacy browsers, the build target in the TypeScript configuration determines whether the build will support differential loading.

选择性地排除差异化加载link

Opting out of differential loadinglink

如果差异化加载导致了意外问题，或者您需要专门针对旧版浏览器支持而将 ES5 作为目标，则可以显式禁用差异化加载。

Differential loading can be explicitly disabled if it causes unexpected issues, or if you need to target ES5 specifically for legacy browser support.

要显式禁用差异化加载并创建 ES5 版本，请执行以下操作：

To explicitly disable differential loading and create an ES5 build:

• 在 browserslist 配置文件中通过移除前面的 not 关键字来启用 dead 或 IE 中的浏览器。

  Enable the dead or IE browsers in the browserslist configuration file by removing the not keyword in front of them.

• 要创建一个单一的 ES5 的构建，把 compilerOptions 中的 target 设为 es5 。

  To create a single ES5 build, set the target in the compilerOptions to es5.

旧版浏览器中的本地开发link

Local development in older browserslink

在 Angular CLI 版本 8 和更高版本中，默认情况下会为 ng build 命令启用差异化加载。但是，ng serve，ng test和 ng e2e 命令只会生成一个 ES2015 版本，该版本无法在不支持该模块的旧版浏览器（例如 IE 11）中运行。

In Angular CLI version 8 and higher, differential loading is enabled by default for the ng build command. The ng serve, ng test, and ng e2e commands, however, generate a single ES2015 build which cannot run in older browsers that don't support the modules, such as IE 11.

如果要在开发期间运行 ES5 代码，则可以完全禁用差异化加载。但是，为了保持差异化加载的好处，更好的选择是为 ng serve ，ng e2e 和 ng test 定义多个配置。

If you want to run ES5 code during development, you could disable differential loading completely. To maintain the benefits of differential loading, however, a better option is to define multiple configurations for ng serve, ng e2e, and ng test.

为 ES5 配置服务link

Configuring serve for ES5link

要让 ng serve 做到这一点，就要在 tsconfig.app.json 后面创建一个新的文件 tsconfig-es5.app.json，包含以下内容。

To do this for ng serve, create a new file, tsconfig-es5.app.json next to tsconfig.app.json with the following content.

      
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      {
 "extends": "./tsconfig.app.json",
 "compilerOptions": {
     "target": "es5"
  }
}
    

在 angular.json 中，在 build 和 serve 下添加两个新的配置节，其目标指向新的 TypeScript 配置。

In angular.json add two new configuration sections under the build and serve targets to point to the new TypeScript configuration.

      
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      "build": {
  "builder": "@angular-devkit/build-angular:browser",
  "options": {
      ...
  },
  "configurations": {
    "production": {
        ...
    },
    "es5": {
      "tsConfig": "./tsconfig-es5.app.json"
    }
  }
},
"serve": {
  "builder": "@angular-devkit/build-angular:dev-server",
  "options": {
      ...
  },
  "configurations": {
    "production": {
     ...
    },
    "es5": {
      "browserTarget": "<app-name>:build:es5"
    }
  }
},
    

然后，您可以使用此配置运行 ng serve 命令。务必确保将 <app-name>（在"<app-name>:build:es5" 中）替换为应用程序的实际名称，因为它也会出现在 angular.json 的 projects 中。例如，如果您的应用程序名称为 myAngularApp 则配置要变成 "browserTarget": "myAngularApp:build:es5"。

You can then run the ng serve command with this configuration. Make sure to replace <app-name> (in "<app-name>:build:es5") with the actual name of the app, as it appears under projects in angular.json. For example, if your app name is myAngularApp the config will become "browserTarget": "myAngularApp:build:es5".

      
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      ng serve --configuration es5
    

配置 test 命令link

Configuring the test commandlink

创建一个新的文件，在 tsconfig.spec.json 后面 tsconfig-es5.spec.json，包含以下内容。

Create a new file, tsconfig-es5.spec.json next to tsconfig.spec.json with the following content.

      
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      {
 "extends": "./tsconfig.spec.json",
 "compilerOptions": {
     "target": "es5"
  }
}
    

      
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      "test": {
  "builder": "@angular-devkit/build-angular:karma",
  "options": {
      ...
  },
  "configurations": {
    "es5": {
      "tsConfig": "./tsconfig-es5.spec.json"
    }
  }
},
    

然后，您可以使用此配置运行测试了

You can then run the tests with this configuration

      
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      ng test --configuration es5
    

配置 e2e 命令link

Configuring the e2e commandlink

如上所述创建 ES5 serve 配置 ，并为 E2E 目标配置上 ES5 配置。

Create an ES5 serve configuration as explained above, and configuration an ES5 configuration for the E2E target.

      
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      "e2e": {
  "builder": "@angular-devkit/build-angular:protractor",
  "options": {
      ...
  },
  "configurations": {
	  "production": {
		  ...
	  },
    "es5": {
      "devServerTarget": "<app-name>:serve:es5"
    }
  }
},
    

然后，您就可以使用此配置运行 ng e2e 命令了。务必确保将 <app-name>（在"<app-name>:serve:es5" 中）替换为应用程序的实际名称，因为它也出现在 angular.json 的 projects中。例如，如果您的应用程序名称为 myAngularApp 则配置要变成 "devServerTarget": "myAngularApp:serve:es5" 。

You can then run the ng e2e command with this configuration. Make sure to replace <app-name> (in "<app-name>:serve:es5") with the actual name of the app, as it appears under projects in angular.json. For example, if your app name is myAngularApp the config will become "devServerTarget": "myAngularApp:serve:es5".

      
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      ng e2e --configuration es5